U.S. Attacked :: essays research papers

America was attacked Tuesday kinsfolk 11th, 2001. How could we be attacked we are the strongest countries in the world? We have single of the worlds strongest economies in the world. We have a massive army with equipment to destroy a entire country. Why would someone do this? Who would do this? Who always so did this doesnt value life. They genuinely made four of our own planes filled with fuel into bomb. They crashed into three buildings. assail a military base is bad enough, but to attack simple masses.      I think that this could have been prevented. We should have been expecting this. We bombed other countries before killing innocent people. Our atom bomb did not distinguish between military, and civilian personal. We, America, did this to end the contend to ensure our freedom. I think we could have been prompt a lot more than we were.      Should we seek justice or penalise? Justice would be to kill who ever did this so anyth ing like this send away never happen again. Revenge would be to kill who ever did this and who ever harbors the terrorist. I think that we should seek justice so this can never happen again to us or anyone else. We have to be narrow though because this could be the start to world state of war3. This time if a war breaks out life with have a lesser value than it ever did.There are so many nuclear and biological weapons that nonentity life would be safe from side effects. Many more people are going to die in the process of seeking justice. twaddle of sending ground troops I think would be one of the worst things that could be done. The only people that win from a war are the people that make military equipment.     I dont want a war to start because I know people that are in the are and the

International Business Essay

What is e-Bays core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy?e-Bays competencies lie in its softw be, which allows people to trade with little supervision. It also has competencies in dispute resolution, an automated item listing service, an online financial service and a communications platform. The integration of these allow e-Bay to have a more good and effective concern tool used and policed by the buyers and sellers in the site.What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding e-Bays strategy today and the approaching?The challenge on translation software has the least amount of involve considering that even the users of the site are content with pretty good. An improvement in this area though, would arouse the service more reliable. Government regulation challenges are perhaps one of the most difficult. With new laws constantly passed in countries, well-nigh laws that touch on trade could prove a hindrance to e-Bays expansion and c ould restrict their trading operations. Unless the world becomes more open to the flow of goods, therefore e-Bay would constantly face problems. The digital divide is a less well(p) problem.With technology catching up to many countries and becoming more functional and cheaper, it is only a matter of time before the internet becomes open to poor communities. Cultural attri furtheres is one of the most problematic. Since beliefs take so overmuch time to shape and that reactions are unpredictable, it is important for e-Bay to be able to make their strategies localized and adapt it to the current system. Finally, international expansion is an unpredictable challenge, but could prove successful if their users continue to support and trust the company for their trading needs.Which candidate should the committee nominate for the assignment? Why?The first cream would be Brett Harrison because of his be in running line activities and supervisory stave and being rated as an excellent worker. More importantly, he has knowledge well-nigh the country which is one of the most important things in running the operations of the company there. If he doesnt agree because of familial considerations, then, Ravi Desai should take his place, not only because of his knowledge of the country but also because he has experience in handling large operations.Should all the candidates receive the said(prenominal) pay package? If not, which factors influence each package?The candidates should all receive the same principle in their compensation package a common primary salary and a bonus dependent on their performance and contributions to the company.

Midnight In The Garden Of Good And Evil Archetypal Project

Midnight in the garden of good and evil archetypal project. abridgment 1, November 10, Pages 1-25 Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil starts with the main character, John Berendt as the Narrator. He first introduces the book by speaking of a homophile by the name of Jim Williams, the piazza owner of the Mercer house in savanna Georgia. This intelligent yet cocky man is an antique dealer and is sort of rich, owning many houses and valuable antiques. He spends around of his time restoring antiques and living uniform an aristocrat, but not actu every(prenominal)y being one. His assistant, Danny Hansford is very rowdy, he intrudes on Berendts interview of Williams by storming into Mercer house cursing a certain just and insists that he get jacked up on drugs. Summary2, November 11, Pages 25-50 In the second chapter of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, we are introduced to yet another character by the name of Mary Harty, and elderly woman who has lived in Savannah for mo st of her life. Miss Harty is the mentor archetype, she sweep ups Berendt all through Savannah, giving him information that further locals could tell you.Once the tour was finished, Berendt decided he would like to stay long-lived in the grand town of Savannah, and booked a room in the second floor of a carriage house. From here we meet the temptress Mandy Nichols and the trickster Joe Odom. Joe is the permanent host of an everlasting party, he steals electricity from the coterminous door neighbors and swindles people out of their money, yet everyone loves him to death. Mandy is his fourth wife in waiting, shes won several pageants and is quite beautiful. Summary 3, November 12, Pages 50-75Into the 4th chapter of the novel, Berendt takes us to a junk shop to shop for necessities for his new living station in Savannah. He describes a Buddha-like owner and an expressionless man in his mid-thirties, with mousy brown hair and one eye made up in purple eye shadow. The man with one eye represent is referred to as Jack-the-one-eyed-Jill, according to his boss. Afterwards, Berendt comes across a strange man who has the uniform morning routine as himself, and orders the same meal every unity day this man isLuther Driggers the inventor. This man is the outsider archetype, no one specially enjoys his company, and rumors spread that he has a poison stronger than arsenic, and plans to one day deck it into Savannahs water supply. Summary 4, November 13, pages 75-100 Berendts journey is blood line to unfold and the small world philosophy is starting to show, everybody seems to be connected to everybody in Savannah now that Berendt is getting to know to a greater extent and more locals.In Joe Odoms house he meets Emma Kelly a pianist who hardly ever sleeps, harmony is her entire life. Joe describes the aspects of Emmas life to Berendt and he is throughly pleased to listen. Later on, Berendt is driving home and spots a woman staring him down, her name is Chablis, she is a drag queen. Chablis is a temptress, Berendt describes her as having no masculine features at all and being quite beautiful and feminine. Summary 5, November 14, pages 100-125

The Effects of Drinking Behavior on College Students

The Effects of crapulence conduct on College Students academician Performance Abstract This instruction investigated the family among college students pedantic action and their intoxication sorts. It was hypothesized that laster intoxi targettic beverageic beverage brainchild trains would be associate to lower GPA. In the experiment, 28 psychology students took an online position which examined their direct of inebriantic beverageic drink inhalant in reference to their current check offs. flow rate grades were mea sure as shootingd by GPA and inebriantic drinkic drink intake was based upon self- history boozing relative frequency. anterior question actualises the base that poor donnish exercise is related to high alcohol intake. Background research supports the proposed guess however, the results assemble that alcohol intake had no signifi domiciliatet relationship with academic performance. The Effects of tipsiness Behavior on College Students Aca demic Performance One who attends a college or university testament at some propose engage in the habit of alcohol. It can be viewed as the college life, which is becoming a major issue on camp workouts.This is an issue beca utilization it is our countrys responsibility to understand that infragraduate studies move on increase tell apartledge and non discourage it. The environment of give instruction in general whitethorn be too relaxed and peer behavior and pressures bring in to behavior that may be detrimental to unmatchables college carg peerlessr. undergraduate studies should be a gate behavior to even high info and not a hindrance. The growing concern about this issue can be gauged by the national new media coverage of heavy intoxication. upstart developments in government, higher education, and the human race health community have led to greater public aw arness and policies to address the problem (Lewis, 2005). It has been found that students who participat ed in engorge boozing drank or had a hangover much than than once a work week and had lower grade point sightlys (Taylor, Johnson, Voas &038 Turrisi, 2006). In addition, it was noted that about students who did not enjoy learning or attending class have gotd alcohol at least once a month (Taylor, Johnson, Voas &038 Turrisi, 2006).Previous research has supported the hypothesis that higher alcohol intake is correlated with poor academic support. This necessitate is unique beca role I requisiteed to see if this was true on a smaller scale. I decided to conduct a education at Old Dominion University using a warning of Psychology students. though it has been found that poor academic performance is related to large alcohol inhalation, I wanted to explore this pay offing on the campus of Old Dominion. some(prenominal) studies have examined the effect of deglutition behaviors and how they may be detrimental to college academic life.A national scan of nearly 37,000 students a t 66 four- social class mental institutions revealed a well-set interdict relationship surrounded by alcohol consumption and grades. Students with an A average consumed a little more than three drink per week, B students had about tailfin drinks, C students more than six, and D or F students reported nine drinks (Taylor, Johnson, Voas &038 Turrisi, 2006) Vaisman-Tzachor, R. , &038 Lai, J. (2008). tally to the results of the research conducted, these students were unable to maintain higher GPAs because of the tally of regular alcohol consumption.In the current mull, we explored the relationship among imbibition behavior and academic performance. It was hypothesized that students who participated in deglutition activities on a regular foundation would not receive satisfactory grades. Participants were take ined to complete an online regard that was administered via www. hatfulgizmo. com. apiece histrion was anticipate to firmness guilelessly to each question in p ut up to determine the amount of alcohol usage in relation to their academic performance.In need conducted by Croom and colleagues, it was found that prior knowledge regarding alcohol was not found to have a hearty effect on alcohol related behaviors. In this study the control grouping, college freshman, were given a survey and knowledge test during the summer prior to the start of college. The experimental group received the survey in addition to an online course, and final exam (Croom et al. , 2009). In another study, it was found that a positive correlation existed amidst constitution and alcohol use.Personality characteristics that were considered included openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. In addition, the study in addition found that in that location was a prohibit relationship between alcohol use and grade point average. As alcohol use increased the grade point averages of students decreased (Musgrave, Bromley, &038 Dalley, 1997). A study by Robert Crosnoe found that alcohol use increased with the mischance of a course. run away failure was a greater predictor of alcohol use then was alcohol use a predictor of later course failure (Crosnoe, 2006). system ParticipantsTwenty-seven Psychology students from Old Dominion University participated in this study. Participants were awarded spare reliance for their participation. Materials A self-developed survey was apply to study continuous drinking behavior and to reminder how much wizard drinks in comparison to his/her current academic achievement. The name and address of the measure of the study was to determine the relationship between regular alcohol consumption and academic performance. The measure of the relationship was based upon the survey containing questions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as, Have you ever had a hangover? and Do you enjoy learning? The survey was administered through online survey host website www. surveygizmo. com. The goal was to ask stude nts indirectly about alcohol consumption in relation to their grades without telling them exactly what the survey was about. Alcohol intake was measured by the self-reported amount of drinks and drinking frequency. at that place were 19 questions altogether. Most questions were based upon a one to five scale, with one beingness the least in agreement and five being the most in agreement. slightly questions required yes or no responses and others had fill-in-the-blank survival of the fittests.Some of the ideas that I wanted the participants to explore were their true drinking behaviors, frequencies, and habits. I wanted to put the questions in such a way that the participant would voluntarily thread their habits without holding anything back. My overall goal was to observe through answers the amount of alcohol consumption in respect to grades. Asking about attitudes toward school and eventually progressing to actual grade representation, allowed me to compare alcohol usage to behavior toward school.Everything regarding school including but not limited to attitude toward it, grades while attending college, and present(prenominal) past test score should have either been parallel with consumption or b deficiencyballly correlated. Procedure Each participant was responsible for winning a 19 question survey. The surveys overall level of difficulty was easy. It did not require anyone to participate longer than 5 minutes. They were asked a series of multiple choice and fill in the blank answers. Each participant was expected to answer truthfully. each 28 students were required to answer each question because it was mandatory.Before participation began everyone had to consent to participation, and afterward everyone was thanked and given extra credit by the participating professor. Results A Pearsons Product-Moment correlation was used to determine the relationship between current grades (M = 3. 44) and drinking frequency (M = 3. 07). Results of this outlin e showed that on that point was not a meaning(a) relationship between the dickens variables (r = . 11, p>05). Discussion The research conducted has verified the invalid hypothesis which reason drinking does not have negative effect on academics.Most students who volitionally participated in the survey responded that drinking at a high frequency or binged drinking did not adversely affect their grades. These findings are blow to most acceptable research on alcohol being a negative correlate of academic failure. A survey was administered with questions requiring honesty about drinking habitats and academic performance. Questions were related directly to the topic and others were field questions. mandate questions were asked such as GPA and alcohol consumption on a monthly or daily basis. These key questions played a indispensable role in the outcome of the study.In the hypothesis it was proposed that drinking would have a negative effect on academics. In previous research, t he correlation of drinking and class attendance had been shown to be to be within the realms of the stated hypothesis. When students consume alcohol it was related to negative academic performance. However, the outcome of the survey resulted in information that was quite opposite to the research conducted in the given survey. According to the survey used in the current study, there was no meaning(a) relationship between alcohol consumption and acquired GPA.Most students who resultingly participated in the survey responded that drinking at a high frequency or binge drinking did not adversely affect their grades. These findings are contrary to most acceptable research on alcohol being a negative correlate of academic failure. Previous research showed that students at four year collegiate universities are likely to consume alcohol. A national survey of 37,000 students at sixty-six four year institutions hypothesized that there would be a strong negative relationship between alcohol c onsumption and grades.In this study, students were asked to report drinking behaviors, and reported a significant amount of alcohol use. The study found that there was no significant relationship between alcohol use and grades (Jackson, 2006). This conclusion is similar to that of McAloon (1994), that higher levels of drinking were correlated with negative consequences, such as high rates of reported hangovers, driving under the influence, nausea or vomiting, suicide risk, and sexual assault. at that place was no significant relationship between drinking frequency and academic performance and one of the major confounds of this study was the sample itself.There were a plethora of issues surrounding the samples size and characteristics which could have led to results that wringed out to be opposite of the hypothesis and previous emphasize research studies that supported the hypothesis. There were only 28 participants in the study. There was not much alteration regarding the studen ts demography. These 28 students were not randomly selected rather, they were students working for the incentive of extra credit in the same class. It is very important to have diversity lieu in data because data can cover a enormous variety of subjects.Diversity-centered research addresses different ethnicity, culture, sexuality, gender, age, disability, or a wide get down of other perspectives (Lumby &038 Morrison, 2010). Information such as this would lead the average police detective to wonder if the results were skewed because of the lack of participation and the lack of diversity among the participants. Considering the idea that only observing one group of individuals (psychology majors) may distort results is decent to say that the results could have been different.Not having any participants outside of the major, with one exception, could lead one to believe that possibly Psychology students are just different. Maybe they are the exception to all of the previous backgr ound research. An assumption such as this could be considered a bit absurd, but there would be no way to assume anything contrary to this belief. The study did not include legion(predicate) others outside of the major. It would be safe to conclude that either Psychology students are the exception, or the investigator should have examined more students outside of the major to verify that this is no exception.Previous research conjure ups that alcohol and academia have a negative correlation. For example, college students who participated in the research study conducted by researchers in the Southwestern neighborhood of the United body politics found this statement and accurate depiction of the correlation between alcohol and academia. The study conducted found that most students who engaged in the consumption of alcohol had poor reflections when their grades were assessed and a high number engaged in drinking because of the collateral effects of having close populate as well as winsome in this behavior. Hagman, Cohn, Noel, &038 Clifford, 2010). When there is a study performed that is disproving the above, it is important to make sure that there is no room for error or doubt. Examining only Psychology students and one Criminal Justice student was a large mistake. All but five of the participants were college seniors, and the remaining participants were fellow upperclassmen. Classification does not localise level of maturation however, it is possible that since the participants of this study were all upperclassmen they may be able to correctly conduct themselves in a manner that is not harmful to their everyday lives.Drinking frequency may have a large effect on someone who is less mature about it and not willing to drink responsibly (Crosnoe, 2006). Lack of diversity among classification combine with participants ages being above the age of 21, contribute to the possibility that both may play a role in the idea that academic performance may not be in jeopardy due to alcohol intake after a certain point in life. Self-Report was also another major limitation of the study. As a researcher, no one should rely solely on the self-report of those participating in their study because level of accuracy is key.For instance, in the study done by a fistful of researchers was conducted on the premises that students would be honest about their drinking habits when they enrolled in an alcohol awareness and preparation course. They discovered that most were not truthful and results were skewed and unreliable (Lewis, Marchell, Lesser, Reyna, &038 Kubicki-Bedford, 2009). One cannot assume that a person will not lie, forget, or make up what they need or want a researcher to believe. Unfortunately, the deception of the study was probably not luxuriant to fool tribe into combineting exactly what their current rades were. Based upon previous research administered by Musgrave-Marquart, Bromley, and Daley (1997) it is unlikely to have mostly As an d be intoxicated at least 3 sentences a week. The institution restriction and topic of discussion also served as confounds within the study. The use of only students from Old Dominion University from one specific classroom was a barrier to the results needed to prove the hypothesis. The topic of discussion can also be considered a sort of taboo. No one really wants to admit that they drink alcohol on a level that is not socially acceptable.Who really wants to say, Im an alcoholic. ? Not too many people are comfortable admitting that they are alcoholics to their selves, let alone complete strangers. At times, the topic can be difficult to speak about, and this could be a contribution to the results not being up to par with past research. Those who determine themselves as having a high tolerance for alcohol and abnormally patronage drinking behaviors still did not idenitfy themselves as alcoholics. These individuals skewed the survey andshowed that they could notadmit to what socie ty thinks of as unacceptable (2003).Finally, the content of measure of the study made it more difficult to find results parallel to the hypothesis. One of the larger confounds of the study was gathering information through a self-reported survey only. My determining(prenominal) was a 19 question survey with questions that were not of good quality. Some of the questions were too definitive and did not leave room for individuality. Sometimes it can be harder for a person to identify with such specific categories if there is room for another category that is not listed.Results become an issue when a question from the content of measure (the survey) is mandatory but does not needfully fully apply to the participant. If a participant happens to fall in between two options such as drinking once a week or more than three times a week, but the option is not available, that person will be forced to answer to the silk hat of their ability instead of with the whole truth. This person may dr ink twice a week but because that is not an option, they will report drinking more or less than they actually do according to the study offering skewed results.The study cannot fulfill its true objective because of the lack of quality within the questions. This source explains how social drinking can turn into a lifestyle and the longitudinal survey roll up data on drinking from August 2004 through November 2007. The longitudinal survey data that was collected can cover a large amount of data versus short-run data (Fromme, Wertherill, &038 Neal, 2010). For future directions, I would suggest that anyone conducting a study that is related to the relationship between alcohol and academic performance use a study that is longitudinal for the desired results to prove such a hypothesis.Most of the background research on this peculiar(a) study has been performed over long periods of time with many various(a) groups. There should be a more diverse sample with people attempting to find a ccurate results about such a topic. Different forms of administration would most certainly help researchers with correct findings. Researchers could use interviews, assessments, or even an evaluation to gather information about Researchers must not restrict themselves to only one form of administration of their tests. There are other ways to gather personal information in an ethical manner.Instead of using a survey to cover all of the information, maybe researchers could use a questionnaire that screens alcohol usage only and then ask students to submit their grades. The questions that were asked were very vague and broad. For example, What are your currents grades like? could have been more useful if the options were more specific instead of Mostly As or Mostly Bs. A future researcher should focus on the questions style content and quality vs. quantity. I would also suggest that when conducting such a study in the future that there is a better measure of honesty.A researcher coul d find an ethical way to verify grades such as report cards or a transcript. There are many ways to verify concrete information such as current grades. Progress reports or past report cards (if applicable) can be considered verification of some of the answers provided in such a study. The benefit of using a progress report or a transcript to report concrete information is that there is no room for error report. It could also increase the willingness to report truthful drinking behavior if the participant is not asked any questions about their personal performance and personal lifestyle simultaneously.The most important thing that should be considered if this study were to be repeated would be the content of measure. Accurate research results oftentimes require more than one content of measure. One cannot possibly know all there is to discover about a relationship between two factors if there is only one definitive determining factor. It would be beneficial for there to be more than one way to find out information. More specific questions and verified responses should be created for participants and researchers alike to ensure that the most accurate results are produced.In this study the relationship between alcohol intake and academic performance was measured by administration of a survey which asked about whether or not drinking habits had any significant behavior on academic performance. The survey asked questions about students typical drinking behavior and current and cumulative grades to define the relationship between the two. It was expected that we would find patterns for people who drink more to have lower grades, and the people who drank less were expected to have higher grades.The results found that there was no significant relationship between drinking frequency and academic performance. Previous research suggests that there is a strong negative relationship between the two. It appears that in this study we may have a false null hypothesis. The st udy did not find the desired results, but if performed correctly on another occasion, there should be no doubt that the results will support the hypothesis. It appears that colleges may have to implement harsher sanctions for students who cannot remain up to par academically.This may serve as motivation for these students not to attend college for the wrong reasons. Although the results of this particular study do not demonstrate the idea that drinking alcohol has an adverse effect on academia, previous research suggests otherwise. Maybe if the melodic line of college and the stereotype of college was not surrounded by the idea of alcohol, students would be more reluctant to pursue higher education without responsible attitudes. I would suggest that all universities place guidelines on the amount of partying for at least the offshoot few years of students college careers.I would suggest that these colleges keep a close escort on the younger students specifically. Based upon the s tudy, I would suggest that stricter guidelines be dictated on college students who are not excelling in academics because of personal behavior. References Bingham, C. , Barretto, A. , Walton, M. , Bryant, C. , Shope, J. , &038 Raghunathan, T. (2010). Efficacy of a web-based, tailored, alcohol prevention/intervention program for college students Initial findings. ledger of American College Health,58(4), 349-356. Retrieved from Academic face round out database.Croom, K. , Lewis, D. , Marchell, T. , Lesser, M. , Reyna, V. , Kubicki-Bedford, L. , et al. (2009). Impact of an Online Alcohol Education Course on Behavior and Harm for Incoming first-Year College Students Short-Term paygrade of a Randomized Trial. ledger of American College Health,57(4), 445-454. Retrieved from Psychology and Behavioral sciences arrangement database. Crosnoe, R. (2006). The Connection Between Academic Failure and Adolescent Drinking in secondary School. Sociology of Education,79(1), 44-60. Retrieved fr om Academic search Complete database. Fromme, K. Wetherill, R. R. , &038 Neal, D. J. (2010). Turning 21 and the Associated Changes in drinking and Driving after Drinking among College Students. journal of American college Health, 59(1), 21-27. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Hagman, B. , Cohn, A. , Noel, N. , &038 Clifford, P. (2010). verifying Informant Assessment in alcohol utilisation Research Involving College Students. Journal of American College health,59(2), 82-90. Retrieved from Academic attempt Complete database. Jackson, K. M. , Sher, K. J. , &038 Park, A. (2006). Drinking among college students consumption and consequences.InGalanterM, ed. Recent Developments in Alcoholism Researchon alcohol Problems in Adolescents and unseasoned Adults. 2nd ed. New York Springer 20061785-117. Lamis, D. , Ellis, J. , Chumney, F. , &038 Dula, C. (2009). Reasons for Living and Alcohol Use among College Students. Death Studies,33(3), 277-286. doi10. 1080/07481180802672017. Lewis, T. (2005). Re adiness to Change, Social Norms, and Alcohol Involvement Among College students. Journal of Addictions &038 Offender Counseling,26(1), 22-37. Retrieved from legal Collection database. Logan, D. , Kilmer, J. , &038 Marlatt, G. 2010). The Virtuous Drinker Character Virtues as correlates and Moderators of College Student Drinking and Consequences. Journal of American College Health,58(4), 317-324. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Lumby, J. , &038 Morrison, M. (2010). Leadership and Diversity Theory and Research. School Leadership &038 Management, 30(1), 3-17. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. McAloon, D. (1994). The effect of alcohol abuse on academic achievement on two-year campuses. companionship College Review,22(1), 12. Retrieved from Academic Search complete database. Musgrave-Marquart, D. Bromley, S. , &038 Dalley, M. (1997). Personality, Academic Attribution, and Substance Use as Predictors of Academic Achievement in College Students. Journal of Social Behavior &038 Pe rsonality,12(2), 501-511. Retrieved from Academic Search complete database. NATIONAL SURVEY OF DRINKING AND DRIVING ATTITUDES ANDBEHAVIOURS, 2001. (2003). report of the American Driver &038 Traffic Safety Education Association, 7. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Osain, M. , &038 Alekseevic, V. (2010). The effect of alcohol use on academic performance of university students. Annals of General Psychiatry,91. oi10. 1186/1744-859X-9-S1-S215. Sullivan, M. , &038 Risler, E. (2002). judgement College Alcohol Abuse and Academic performance Selecting Appropriate Intervention Strategies. Journal of College counseling,5(2), 114. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Taylor, D. , Johnson, M. , Voas, R. , &038 Turrisi, R. (2006). Demographic and Academic Trends in drinking Patterns and Alcohol-Related Problems on Dry College Campuses. Journal of alcohol &038 Drug Education,50(4), 35-54. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Vaisman-Tzachor, R. , &038 Lai, J. (2008).The Effect s of College Tenure, Gender, and Social involvement on Alcohol Drinking and Alcoholism in College Students. Annals of the american Psychotherapy Association,11(4), 18-24. Retrieved from Academic Search complete database. Welcome, M. , Pereverzeva, E. , &038 Pereverzev, V. (2010). A novel psychophysiological model of the effect of alcohol use on academic performance of male medical students of belarusian State Medical University. International Journal of Collaborative Research on inner(a) Medicine &038 Public Health (IJCRIMPH),2(6), 183-197. Retrieved from academic Search Complete database.

Capital punishment and why does the Church (Christianity) oppose it so much Essay

Man is a sacred and scarce creature created by immortal.  When god has created the Universe, light, the birds, animals, the trees, water and the earth, he had given a messiness of importance to man.  Evidence from the sacred scripture kindles that idol had left creating man as his final task, and after he had created man, paragon was so amazed, satisfied with himself and fulfilled with his own ground body of work, that he decided to placidity (on the S razeth day).  Through his beingness of man, he had provided a reflection of himself (The of age(predicate) Testament Genesis 1).  In deed God has given a lot of importance to man, and no one has the right to orchestrate away(p) or destroy the emotional state this very special and beautiful creation of God.            Countries throughout the World ar beginning to understand the importance of peachy penalisation and ar slowly outlawing such(prenominal) laws.   However, certain developed countries such as the US are still encouraging Capital penalization.  The US had stopped ceiling penalisation for some period of time (from 1972 to 1977).  However, the usage resumed again make outing Gregg V. Georgia subject (Horigan, 2004).  Most of the states in the US permit Capital penalization exclusively in very special instances.  However, the very existence of such an option in the judiciary system, does suggest the States Support to this in valet act.  The rate of execution in the US has dropped since the 1930s, to a greater extentover this has no fully ended.The largest number of executions is performed by the State of Texas, and the highest percentage of the tribe executed by the State is Virginia (Robinson, 2006).  The response of the US public to upper-case letter punishment is somewhat mixed.  However, the reaction of the Canadian slew to with child(p) punishment was too corresponding, but th e Country has abolished cracking punishment.  Depending on the seriousness of their detestation, the horrors are imprisoned all the same for indefinite periods (Robinson, 2006).  Canada has too shown that lie of capital punishment does not necessarily prove in a drop in the crime rates.  The Japanese on the otherwise which permit capital punishment im recess a crime rate practically below that of the US.Hence, it fag be demonstrated that capital punishment may not present an important role in crime (Robinson, 2006).  In the US, m both people who wipe out been executed by the law, were found not notwithstanding to be given a proper lawyer during their outpourings.Several states in the US that withdraw capital punishment in their wakeless systems seem to have a higher criminal rate than those which do not have capital punishment (Robinson, 2006).  People may facial expression that by incorporating capital punishment in their legal systems, the S tate is cheapening the value of human life.  Hence, the crime rates in such states are on the rise.  Several other factors such as poor socio-economic status, low educational levels, poor vitality conditions, etcetera may be related with an increase in the crime rates.            The perform has seriously distant the mathematical function of capital punishment in case of serious crime.  Pope John Paul II has opposed the im adjust of final stage penalty by the State (Dulles, 2001).  Christians give a lot of importance to life and have opposed any action that could result in the violation to the right to life such as murder, abortion, suicide, euthanasia, etc.  Christians usually detect that as God has controlled life, no one including the presidential terms and the Courts bed take away a human life.            In the aged(prenominal) Testament, devastation was specif ically suggested to those who had sinned or committed offences (such as murder and adultery).  The Sacred arrangement during Noah had mentioned that anyone who offenders and disobeys God be stoned or hanged to terminal.  Several episodes in the Old Testament such as those of with Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Numbers 16), have given instances in which capital punishment was performed to penalize sinners.  People who helped to execute the will of God by ending the life of the offenders were considered as Agents of God.  Many Countries of the World still follow the Old Testament of capital punishment in penalizing serious crimes.            However, things have changed since the New Testament times.  Although delivery boy Christ had not spoken much about the use of capital punishment by the state, indirect instances are present in the New Testament which may suggest that Jesus was against the practice of capital punishmen t.  One of these instances included the Stoning of a cleaning lady who had sinned.  Jesus did not forgo his disciples to pronounce curses of destruction of death on people who did not have feelings of love towards others.In John 1911, Jesus told Pilate that he had the authority to meter anybody who had sinned against God, and that Pilate had the right to fulfill Gods intentions.  In Matthew 2652, Jesus told Peter to put gage his sword when he was arrested.  Jesus regular(a) put back the soldiers piece of ear, after Peter had cut it with his sword.  In Luke 23 41, Jesus tells the thief crucified on his side, that they were receiving punishment for the sins that they had committed on earth.            Christianity believed in the concept of love thy neighbor as thy self, and Jesus in his preaching expressed that this feeling should be extended to every fount of life.  We could potentially extent its application f or use to prevent capital punishment.  In the New Testament after Christ, there may be some(prenominal) instances in which capital punishment was encouraged.  However, these instances may not directly brave out capital punishment.  In Acts 5 1-11, capital sentences were trim backd because they disobeyed Simon Peter.  The Letter to the Hebrews in addition encouraged the Mosaic Laws on capital punishment.St. Paul told the Romans that death sentence was a mean of expressing Gods intentions against sinners.  However, there have also been instances in the New Testament in which the church and Christians have opposed death sentence.  During the early Christianity period, the church building did not approve Christians to function as executioners of death sentences (Dulles, 2001).  St. Augustine felt up that the Fifth Commandant should be utilized even to prevent execution of death sentences and killing of criminals.  He wrote an entire have got about Capital punishment named The City of God.            The idea of capital punishment changed a bit during the Middle Age.  Christianity had some influence on the people, and the Courts were told to impose capital punishment only for people who committed serious crime.  This was in general as a self-defense mechanism to prevent the criminals from committing further crime and to ensure that the society was safe.  Some of the theologists felt that capital punishment was more of a hatred act against the criminal than one to enable him to refine in the future (Dulles, 2001).  Even though the Church opposed death sentence, it constituted a body to pronounce and capital punishment.The Church even conferred the State the power to issue death sentences in the later part of the 16th coulomb.  It derived this power from the Commandant thou shall not murder, and it was performed in several instances.  slowly the Church began to approve capital punishment only in the case the criminal committed a serious crime.  Slowly the attitude of the Church towards capital punishment began to change as they felt that life was a precious gift given by God and it was morally wrong to take ones life for sins committed.  The Italian thinker Gino Concetti, wrote a Book LOsservatore Romano in 1977, demonstrating the importance and sacredness of God-given life.  He verbalize that humans could not destroy the life of another human, and even the criminals who had performed serious crimes should not be punished with death sentence.  He said that there should not be any circumstance in which capital punishment was reassert as no person had the right to take the life of another and destroy one of Gods precious creations.  We should be able to respect the figure that God is expressing himself in man.  This work had really changed the attitudes of Christians and the Church towards capital punishment.Man y people felt that the Church itself did not respect or identify this view of life before.  there was a uproar against capital punishment in the 20th century in Europe.  Several European countries who believed in Christianity began to incorporate the latest teachings and beliefs of the Church in their Legal systems.  The Governments began to underhand the importance of life (Dulles, 2001).Since, the criminal is also a human being he is a precious creation of God and has a reflection of God in himself.  His actions have an particle of God expressed in it.  Hence, it would be morally wrong to even punish the most serious criminals with capital punishment.  In the Old Testament, the view that a criminal action should be punished with a similar action by the law-enforcement agency existed.  However, a person may be expressing the Will of God through his actions.            Christianity has developed over a foresi ghted period, and like a shot it does not permit both, direct destruction ( winning the life of a specific person) and indirect destruction (actions performed without the intention of killing another person).  In some instances, taking the life of another person by skid may be pardoned by the Church.  The Church is also against any individuals taking the life of another on the advice of the State (Pesenke, 1981).God does not allow one human to take the life of another because God is the agent of the human beings and can create or destroy a life.  whatever person who takes the life of another with a mental intention is wickedness against God.  A Human life is the most precious work of God, and destroying it would be against the Will of God.  No political or legal body in the World has the right to interfere with Gods creation.  It is not justified for any Court or King to take the life of any individual including a criminal.      &n bsp     Many countries feel that capital punishment should be permitted at least to end the life of criminals who committed serious crimes.  They may also be considering that it would be a cheaper option to end the life of such criminals than to punish them with life-imprisonment.  However, the legal and the political systems should not cheapen human life, and should consider them as important to God.  Having capital punishment options in the legal system is not going to reduce crimes.  It is essential that the Government provides a socio-economic environment that may permit development and reduce frustration of the people.            The Jews believed unwaveringly in capital punishment and permitted it following murders, adultery, worship of idols, war crimes, and kidnapping.  They feel that capital punishment would ensure that the society is safer from the actions of the criminals in the future.  T hey also feel that anybody who destroys God-given creations should be punished with death sentence.  A counsel usually issues death sentences in Jewish courts.  The court will examine the criminal during the trial and 2 neutral checkes should provide evidence for the case.  As the process of publish capital punishment under Jewish laws is very stringent, such sentences may usually occur less frequently.In several situations (such as wars, emergencies, relations with non-Jewish criminals, etc), the stringent process is relaxed and death sentences are issued more easily.  In such situations Noah-Laws are usually applicable.  Usually just one neutral witness is required (FAQ, 2006).  During the later part of the 20th century, Jewish thinkers began to oppose the use of capital punishment by the legal system.  The ideas of Christian theologists are now being followed by the Jewish thinkers with regard to death sentence.  Only in extremely serious crimes are capital punishment allowed by Jewish courts (FAQ, 2006).            Capital punishment is not only an ineffective way of traffic with crime (as it does not reduce the crime rate), but is also an juvenile way (as hatred and revenge are spread).  It also cheapens the importance of God-given life.  The Government should look at alternative to punish or reform the criminals.ReferencesDulles, A. C. (2001). universality & axerophthol Capital Punishment. First Things 112, 30-35.http//www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2175%20FAQ (2006). Question 12.21 What is the Jewish position on Capital Punishment? Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from FAQ.org  Web site Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance from Web site http//www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought/section-22.htmlHorigan, D. P. (1996). Buddhism & Capital Punishment. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Engaged Zen Foundation from Web site http//www.engag ed-zen.org/articles/Damien_P_Horigan-Buddhism_Capital_Punishment.htmlPesenke, H. C. (1981). Christian morals Volume II Special Moral Theology in the well-fixed of Vatican II, Bangalore TPI.Robinson, B. A. (2006). Facts about capital punishment Part 1 data & trends. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance from Web site http//www.religioustolerance.org/execut3.htmThe Bible penetration (2007). Genesis 1 (New International Version). Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Bible Gateway from Web site http//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=genesis+1

Mindy Lewis’

Adolescence is difficult and painful rebellion, vital pargonntal scrutiny, an overall feeling of non living up to expectations. For whatsoever of us it is a time of excess drug use, arguments, lots of psychic pain. Mindy Lewis compelling memoir is rough what happens when adolescent rebellion is not inured as routine. Her version of teenage acting out led to a much than two-year incarceration in the New York State psychiatric Institute at ColumbiaPresbyterian Medical Center (which she calls PI) when she was almost 16 years old. The book, brio Inside, explores Lewis breeding, telling a story of an upbringing instead antithetical from most, and its effects.Always a creative soul, Lewis expressed her emotions in painting, rargonly in writing. But an intense cyber-romance in the early 90s led her to have to express her emotions in writing. She began to reward workshops, writing essays and the occasional short story. arrogant reinforcement in the workshops and small success es getting published make her entertain her writing a little more seriously. She actually wasnt current she could go through with her story, until she followed friends encouragement to write it, not just for herself notwithstanding for the others who had been with her and for those who are in a similar situation now.Life interior chronicles a reasonably happy childhood in Manhattan, her fathers departure for California, and the dissolution of her parents marriage. The arrival of a stepfather did not provide any cushion as her relationship with her mother started to disintegrate when she began high school, savour in the middle of the 60s. Though her painting ability had secured her acceptance at the High School of Music and Art, she soon began to feel as though she didnt fit in.She just didnt feel hip decorous for the other kids and heady atmosphere that pervaded the school. Lewis had discovered an escape in marijuana, LSD, and a collection of other drugs. Her parents sent h er to a psychiatrist to try to fetch a way to reach her, and though he didnt come along to think that she was crazy, he recommended institutionalizing her when she was suspended from Music and Art and made a perfunctory attempt at suicide.Several things strike the endorser during the go through the book the remarkable level of detail about Lewis experiences at PI the difficult adulthood that seemed as excruciating as it was inevitable following such a contorted adolescence and the courage that it must(prenominal) have taken to commit all of it to paper. As Lewis says In Life Inside I hoped to give somethingclues to parents of adolescents, or to adolescents themselves who are in pain. I wanted to allow them know that there are kindred spiritstheyre not alone. there is a path out of the dark. If the worst situation in my life can become a positive, its like alchemy. It gives me conviction that miracles can happen in life.Her story is honest and open. As a reader, one could ide ntify with her pain and her experience, even though it is quite different from ones own. Many of the feelings she describes are universal, which leads us to question confederacy and its definition of insanity. The book is really well- pen and vivid, with great attention to physical and ablaze detail.The story moves quickly (over 30 years in 350 pages), with its main accent how the 27-months in the institution affected Mindys life. However, the book also details Mindys journey to understand her life, the world around her, her family, and how to create meaning from experience, going beyond life inner(a). Readers who will particularly appreciate this book include lovers of well-wrought prose, and people who feel impaired by something in their past, and cautiously approving about their chances of getting over it and/or growing from it.Life inside received a starred Kirkus Review, and was named 2003 Book of the Year by the American Journal of Nursing. It is a vivid first-person ni b of the authors experiences as a ungovernable 15-year-old remanded to a psychiatric ward in the late 1960s.No comments are needed for the following words While conversing with me it was quite obvious that she is more genuinely wrapped up within herself She is very self-conscious and is usually unable to face the interviewer Her walk is a sort of bedraggled conflate which makes me think of someone being led off to their execution. The patient is fearful, exceedingly anxious and depressed. At times her anxiety rises to such heights that she begins to tremble.There must be something wrong with my reflexes. If theyd been working right, I would have pulled my clean away, or kicked him. I hope hes a better shrink than he is a doctor.The sleeves hang over my hands, which is fine with me &8212 the more thats hidden, the better in one case I was a nice little girl, but those days are over. Before I can stop it, that nice little girls crying fill my eyes. I blink them away, hoping nobod y saw I cant take another minute sitting out here in the hallway. silence is as important to me as air, and Im suffocating.I sit here in my chains and the days go by and nothing ever happens. It is an give up joyless life, but I accept it without complaint. I await other times and they will surely come, for I am not bandaged to sit here for all eternity.I muse on this in my dungeon and am of good cheer.Today Lewis is by any account a healthy and creative adult with extraordinary insight. She is an artist by profession, a dancer by avocation and a writer by sheer force of will. At 50, Lewis has kept her youth with her. She is tall, trim, and strong tum dancing is a passion and bike riding and swimming help, as well. Her manner is direct, tempered by a quietness that bespeaks a life path that has not always been clear or easy.Inviting the readers to take a close look at contemporary views of mental health through the lens of her own powerful and intimately rendered story, in Life Inside, Lewis has written an important memoir, as tough and candid as it is inspiring and compassionate.Bibliography1. Lewis, Mindy. Life inside A Memoir. Atr

History Behind Moulin Rouge the Movie Essay

It was 1899 in Paris. France. it was the clip of the Bohemian Revolution. and it was the summer of fill out. Christian. played by Ewan McGregor. was a author and came to Paris to see this revolution and be meet by the creative persons. vocalists. and terpsichoreans of this new Bohemian universe. Sm both did he lie with that he would see something he had never felt before except ever deliberated in love. Moulin blusher. directed by Baz Luhrmann. is an keen admit musical comedy based off of a existent bread and scarceter baseball club called Moulin paint in Montmartre. The lead tells the news report of the love trigon between Christian. Satine aka the sparkly Diamond of the Moulin pigment. played by Nicole Kidman. and The Duke. Although Christian and Satine be fictional characters. the narrative includes existent life characters such as Harold Zidler. the co-mastermind of the Moulin Rouge and Toulouse-Lautrec. a observe Gallic creative person. Moulin Rouge is a gr eat expression into what life was like back in Paris in 1900. exclusively anyway adds in the love narrative between Christian and Satine to do for a great film musical.In the antecedent of the film. Christians starry-eyed love shines some light into Satines dark mercenary human race. To do a life. Satine became a concubine at the Moulin Rouge. She gets paid for doing work forces debate what they want to believe. so she sells her organic structure to do money. She erroneously became attracted to Christian for his pure and hopeful belief in love. Sing that Christian did non stockpile a batch of money. she becomes hesitant of loving him because he would non be equal to back up her and her dreams of being an actress. With Christians pure and optimistic belief of love. he captures Satines bosom by loving her for who she sincerely yours is. non for what she is. Although Satine dies in the terminal of the film. Christian learns that true love lasts everlastingly heretofore throu gh run short. Harold Zidler. who is non a fictional character. is the with child(p) manlike who helped to run the existent Moulin Rouge nightclub. In the movie. and in existent life Paris. Zidler was the giving male who was. a br different to the creative persons and the adult male in the shadows who watched oer the terpsichoreans and the remainder of the forces with a benevolent oculus and ruled with an Fe fist ( History ) .In the movie he is the 1 who is in buck of doing certain allthing goes absolutely at the nightclub and makes certain all his terpsichoreans. curiously Satine. cognize what they argon supposed to make and who they should affect that dark. Not except did he run the Moulin Rouge he was besides a promoter and performed with his terpsichoreans in the renders. Toulouse-lautrec was besides an of import individual when it comes to the nightclub in Paris. In the movie he does non fit a immense function another(prenominal) than aid Christian acquire inside th e Moulin Rouge and happen a manner for him to run into Satine. In Paris in the 1900s. though. he is verbalise to contrive been the eyes of the Moulin Rouge. Toulouse-Lautrec attended every eventide show when the nightclub opened and as mentioned before he was an creative person. so every dark he would sit in a corner and thrust the terpsichoreans accompanied by a glass of common wormwood ( History ) .The fact about the common wormwood is besides in the film Toulouse-Lautrec. Christian. and a hardly a(prenominal) others take a shooting of common wormwood before they head to the Moulin Rouge one dark and the following few proceedingss of the movie are scarcely filled with pure daftness and hallucinations. His graphics. though. was highly of import in the victory of the Moulin Rouge. In 1891. he drew the first advertisement posting for the Moulin Rouge. which right away remains the outdo known image of the Moulin Rouge around the world ( History ) . His work is still celebr ated today and without him the Moulin Rouge in Paris would non be every bit good known as it is today. The terpsichoreans of the Moulin Rouge were Masterss of the cancan. One of the stars and besides known as Queen of the Cancan was Louise Weber. tho her moniker was La Goulue. She is non specifically in the movie. but in a life about her. it states that. one eventide when she was dancing a disturbed cancan. between two cartwheels she spotted the Prince of Wales. who had come to pass an eventide on his ain at the Moulin Rouge. and called out. with the Parisian cheek for which she was good know. Hey. Wales The champagnes on you? ( History ) . La Goulue is relatable to Satine in the movie. because Satine was besides the star and exceed(p) terpsichorean and she spotted Christian the first dark he was at that place and while she was dancing called him out in forepart of everyone who was in attending at the Moulin Rouge that flushing. Moulin Rouge is one of Baz Luhrmanns best movies . The film came out in June 2001 and has won many awards and is one of the best films in the musical genre. The set design. costumes. casting of functions. and music all is so absolutely set together to make this superb movie.Luhrmann. who besides co-wrote the film with Craig Pearce. traveled to Paris with Pearce and the production interior decorator to carry on historical research and compose the outline for the film. To find ways to plastic film 19th century Paris and the Moulin Rouge as it may hold felt to its audience so at the cutting border of sex. music. saltation. house and modern thought the film makers immersed themselves in the vicinity. locales and civilization of their story ( Luhrmann ) . done their research and larning about the civilization. they came to attend that the Moulin Rouge was a nine that brought all different categories together and Pearce quotes that is the equivalent of Studio 54 in newly York in the late 70s a topographic spot where the rich a nd the powerful can blend with the immature. the beautiful and the pen nulless ( Luhrmann ) . This is shown in the film because we see the powerful. such as The Duke. and so Christian who is only if a author. come to the same nine to see the same thing. adult females and amusement.The first half an hr of the film is nonstop music. dancing. visible radiations. and except perfectly craziness. Audiences are non given a opportunity to relax and however easy take the film in it is fast paced and keeps the film viewer on their toes merely waiting for what will come following. In a film review. shortly after it came out in 2001. the film lecturer describes Moulin Rouge as grandiose. glorious. absinthe-soaked surplus. When cinematography. Luhrmann cherished everything to be over the top and wanted more than out of the production more vocals. more sound. more colour. more everything ( Kaplan C. D. ) . This is what it was like in the existent nightclub. the dance and vocals were all so discriminating and brainsick so the work forces would be to the full entertained and neer acquire bored. There was a batch traveling on in Paris in the late 1880s and 1890s. The Eiffel Tower was built. the first cinematographic exhibit was shown by the Lumiere brothers. and the most celebrated nightclub opened its doors.The public came in mass to detect this excessive topographic point with its immense dance floor. mirrors everyplace. and galleries that were the last word in elegance. to blend with the rabble and misss of easy justness ( History ) . The Moulin Rouge was a topographic point for the rich and miserable work forces to come for dancing. music. and amusement from the ladies it is said to hold been an ambiance of add up euphory. This was a clip where workers. blue bloods. creative persons. and the middle-class could all fall in together to see nightclubs. music-halls. and other dark clip activities. As mentioned before. this film takes topographic point during the Bohemian Revolution. This revolution was non a revolution of contending. but a revolution of art and civilization. It was a clip for artisits. poets. author. vocalists. terpsichoreans. and anyone else who wanted to show themselves to demo off their endowments and be recognized. These were the children of the revolution ( Moulin Rouge ) .In the beginning scenes of Moulin Rouge. Christian is told that to truly be a kid of the revolution. he has to believe in beauty. freedom. truth. and most significantly love. Which of class he believes in love. it is what he lives for and as stated earlier. he is given the opportunity to see love for the first clip. Not merely is the film based off of the existent nightclub in Paris. but it is besides partially based on the Grecian myth of Orpheus and partially on the opera La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi ( IMDb ) . The Grecian myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is slightly like the narrative between Christian and Satine. Orpheus is said to hold been the best instrumentalist that of all time lived and until he met Eurydice. he lived his merely and heedlessly.Orpheus and Eurydice fell in love and it meant everything to both of them but person else wanted Eurydices beauty and wanted her but she did non parcel out for this other adult male. To do a long narrative short. she ends up deceasing and Orpheus attempts to acquire her dorsum from the underworld but could non salvage her all he had left was the love they one time had ( Orpheus ) . For Christian. he lost Satine and would neer acquire her back once more but what he got from her decease was a narrative of true love that he has to portion with the universe. Satine was already deceasing before she fell in love with Christian. but at to the lowest degree she was able to decease cognizing what it was like to be in love.The opera La Traviata is another love narrative that ends tragically. Violetta. who is a concubine. claims that love means nil to her until she meets a immature adu lt male named Alfredo which makes her so inquire if he could be the adult male that she could love. In the terminal of the narrative. though. Violetta is diagnosed with TB and does non hold long to populate and dies at Alfredos pess ( La Traviata ) . This opera. the myth of Orpheus. and Moulin Rouge. are all similar in the manner that the adult female neer truly believed in love until they met that one adult male that changed their positions on love. there are challenges to confront one the adult male and adult female autumn in love. and so it is the adult female who dies in terminal go forthing their lovers all entirely. Each narrative is a lower-ranking different but the same basic thought. from the opera and Grecian myth. are evident in the movie.From 20th century Paris. the Bohemian Revolution. the myth of Orpheus. Harold Zidler. and other historical minutes. Moulin Rouge is a 1 of a sort musical movie that is an astonishing piece of work put together by Luhrmann. Knowing the h istory behind the movie makes it exciting to watch and understand what it was similar back in Paris in 1899.Plants CitedThe History of the Moulin Rouge and its Shows. Moulin Rouge. Fr. Le Bal du Moulin Rouge. n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011.Kaplan. C. D. Rev. of Moulin Rouge. by Baz Luhrmann. Louisville Eccentric Observer. Louisville. Ky. 30 May 2001. Vol. 11. Iss. 30 pg. 21La Traviata. The Metropolitan Opera. N. p. . n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Luhrmann. Baz. . and Craig Pearce. commentary. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. ordinal Century Fox. 2001. Film. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. Film.Moulin Rouge. IMDb. IMDb. com. Inc. . n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. Orpheus and Eurydice. Paleothea Myths. N. p. . 10 Jan. 2008. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.

Parable of the Sadhu

Ethical Decisions Tough lasts are alarming to close people. Therefore, we have guidelines or theories to wait on us build these decisions. The most effective managers are ide in ally those that simply dont strait under pressure and are action-oriented people. Sometimes, people do non hallow any of their time to the decision in front of them, and make decisions establish on their situation. This is one of the many issues that arise in The Parable of the Sadhu. sound McCoy went on an adventurous six-month sabbatical program with his friend, Stephen, and when they were hiking in Nepal, they came across a grievous ethical dilemma.As him, Stephen, and a few other hikers were hiking up the unsafe Himalayan mountains, they came across a sadhu. Stephen had been showing symptoms of altitude sickness and they had determined to rest for a bit, when one of their fellow hikers found this man. The sadhu was tho clothed, and was consequently suffering from hypothermia. The man who fou nd the sickly sadhu grew irritated, as he cute to continue on because he did what he could do. He left soon afterward, leaving the sadhu in the hands of thrum, Stephen and a few other hikers.We are all less likely to soak up charge of a situation if there are people close to us. We simply assume that someone else will take full accountability and get our wheels turning. They had all given him clothing and tried to warm him up a bit, but none had stepped up and taken full responsibility. seethe then also gave in, as he grew afraid of the heights to come, and without a great deal of thought, continued on. Looking back on this moment, bombilation regrets how he handled the situation. In all actuality, he never handled it at all he never even gave it a thought.With all the epinephrin and the possible ecstasy that awaited his arrival at the roseola, he never thought of the consequences of this decision. Buzz states, I felt and continue to feel iniquity about the sadhu. If he had thought it through, he probably wouldnt be carrying this burdenous regret. He later goes on to mention, however, that the situation he was in is mate to a corporate situation, wherein people need to make split-second decisions (no matter the consequence). This is not an ethical method in any ay, shape or form. Buzz was not thinking about the best option or the decision that would make for the greater good. He was focused on himself, and reaching the peak of that mountain. Buzz never thought that this decision would haunt him for the rest of his life. In applying the universalization test to McCoys decision, I am left with a serious question what if everyone were to act as McCoy did. What if, when faced with a challenge, or an annoyance, or simply something unexpected, everyone were to simply give up?What if everyone in the world were to notch away saying, oh, I gave him some clothes therefore I did all I could do. Just because they arent in the flesh(predicate)ly responsib le for the sadhu, doesnt bastardly that they shouldnt care. They needed to be responsible human beings, like Stephen. What if we lived in a world where everyone was out for his/her own gain? Although it may be like it, there are still glimmers of hope once in a while, and we, as inhibitors, must fight for them. If everyone was out for their own personal gain, nothing would be accomplished.Ethical guidelines, such as the universal test, are by all odds more relatable and easier to apply. The theories, on the other hand, are much more tractable and subjective. There was really only one answer when I asked myself, what if this were the doings of everyone on this planet? Though, when I asked myself, what would have been the best outcome for everyone? the lines got a little blurry. One final thought a valuable wear round of information is the sadhus intentions.If he had gone to the mountain to transcend in the first place, then taking him down and saving him would be completely against his own intentions. The story states that he was an elderly man with hardly any clothes and no food thus, he could have wanted to go in peace, on his own terms. Here in lies the enigma we never are given all of the information necessary to make an educated informed decision. This is why we have ethics, or guides for us to constitute in situations that we seem to be blindly coming to decisions. They can help us come to ethical decisions for the situations before us.

Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Biography

Lenins semipolitical finesse, his understanding of the lastingness of the peasantry and his rewriting of the communist thought are the characteristics which made Lenin iodine of the superlative leaders of Russia. Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, was born on April 22, 1870, in Simbirsk, on the bank of the Volga river. Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, a man with high cheek bones, a pertinacious complexion and dark brown eyes, accurately of which Lenin inherited, was Lenins father, and was the director of schools in Simbirsk province.Lenins mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Blank, was a fair sex who was very(prenominal) devoted to her six children who all eventually became evolutionaries, except for one who died in the beginning she could follow her siblings. Lenin overall had a good childhood. He care to play chess, swim, hike, and hunt. Although Lenin had no close fri final stages, he did look up to his brother, Alexander, a great deal. When Lenin entered school in 1879, at the age of 9 he becam e a brilliant student and this was acclaimed to a teacher who came into the Ulyanov home before Lenin could enter school, and taught him to read by the age of five.During Vladimirs young classs Russia was rather quiet, although non for him. In 1886 Lenins father died and in 1887 his rother Alexander, whom Lenin looked up to, was involved in an unsuccessful plot to kill the czar and was hanged for doing so. The death of Alexander came as a great blow to Lenin. About his brothers death Lenin simply utter Ill make them pay for this I swear it The same yr his brother was hanged, Lenin finished school at the age of 17 and sure a gold medal for excellence in studies. During the fall of that year Lenin was admitted to Kazan University to study law there.Three months later Lenin had settled in Kazan he was expelled from the University for joining in a student meeting protesting the ack of freedom the students were stipulation in the school. Over the next three age Lenin tried ma ny a(prenominal) more(prenominal) times to regain admission to the university, yet was unsuccessful on all attempts, until 1890 when he tried to gain acceptance to St. Petersburg University. He was admitted as a student except he was non, however, permitted to attend classes, though he would be permitted to adopt to the examinations by and by studying on his own.In 1891 after studying on his own and fetching the final examinations Lenin received a law degree from St. Petersburg University and united with a law firm in Samara. While still in university Lenin was introduced to the works of Karl Marx, Marx being a major(ip) contri stillor to the commie Philosophy. In earlyish 1893 Lenin became part of the friendly participatory band, a Marxist establishment. In the latter part of that year Lenin reallocated to St. Petersburg and got a start on his subversive career.While in St. Petersburg Lenin found that the whole step of leadership came to him slowly and he quickly beca me the leader of a affectionate Democrat chemical group. Lenin came crosswise as a bright intelligent man. each of Lenins written work was very precise, intensely specific, and crystal clear. In 1897 Lenin was banished to Siberia, after being held for questioning for more than a year, after he was caught by the Czars Secret Police while preparing a revolutionary newspaper, The Cause, in celestial latitude of 1895.During Lenins interval in Siberia he married Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. As banishment to Siberia did not mean confinement and Lenin took advantage of his freedom by carrying on his propagandist writings and alike wrote one of his more dominant accomplishments, The Development of capitalism In Russia (1899). During the span of 1898, while Lenin was in expulsion from Russia, a charm of concealed Russian Marxist groups allied to form the Russian Social Democratic Labor ships company.In the ensuing period following Lenins Siberian expulsion, January 1900, he rec eived authorization to leave the country and go to Germany to abet with the founding of the parties newspaper, The Spark, of which the first issue appeared on December 24, 1900. In 1902 Lenin wrote a pamphlet called What Is To Be Done and from this pamphlet came the base of what is called Leninism. The following year the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party broke into twain sepa set, equal, collectives over a ontention close party membership.Lenin became the leader of the Bolsheviks, which translates to The Majority, which suggested that his group was oversizedr. The Bolsheviks desired that membership to their party be confined to a downhearted member of full-time revolutionaries. The other group, The Mensheviks, which translates to The Minority, desired that party membership be less alleviationrictive and did not prefer a dictatorship, as the Bolsheviks did, but rather to practice more popally. Just as all this was taking billet a vitality of insurrection was taking place across Russia fronting the Czar Nicholas II.The Russian plenty wanted land, higher wages, and increased political rights including a legislation. Included in these revolts was an incident called Bloody Sunday which happened when an Jewish-Orthodox Priest led a march of peaceful peasants to the home of the Czar, on Sunday January 22, 1905. When they reached the palace the Czars head man panicked at the sleuth of the many deal and had his troops fire on the defenseless crowd, execution and damaging hundreds. By the fall of 1905 a full strike of well all workers stupefied the country compelling the Czar to give the large number a Duma, which is a ower level Parliament.By the end of 1905 mammoth strikes commenced and was followed by a brimming revolution to which the Czar quickly put a stop to. After this Lenin found it quite arduous to proceed with revolutionary actions in Russia and exhausted most of his time from 1906 until 1908 publishing radical leaflets and attending part y congress in England, Germany and Sweden, chiefly with the intentions of keeping the party together, but also to expand the distance between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks alleging that the Mensheviks did not want revolution.On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia and World War I commenced. As Lenin was in Austria at that time, the Austrian government arranged for Lenin to be transported to Switzerland who did not participate in the war. It has been noted that many extremists desired a triumph for Russia, but it has also been noted that others wanted peace miss a victory for any one country, but a victory of peace for all involved. Lenin, however, desired that his country suffer a defeat, and that would let about revolution in the country.During the war Lenin and his cause were aided financially by the German government, by performing this the Germans mat that they were eroding the Russian war endeavor. By this time most of Lenins supporters had deserted him, indica ting as their more popular reasons that Lenin was using assets intended for the assemblage for himself, and that his apparent seizure of queen was unwilful by few. This period in Lenins career was suggested by Krupskaya, his wife, as the loneliest psyche in Lenins career, and as a time when Lenin would transfigure his passions into a sure revolutionary conclusion.It had been three years since the start of the war and the countries were still attling, Russia had addled many of her battles and the country was in annoyance. Food shortages were occurring all across the country, in the main in the cities, but bread was especially shortly yielded. In early February 1917 bread was nowhere to be found in Petrograd and immense lines deflexion the bread shops collected and the tensions increased. By the end of the first quarter of February rough two hundred thousand workers were on strike and demonstrating in the capital.On the fifteenth day of March nineteen- seventeen, the Czar Nich olas II, gave up his throne and also gave up the throne or his son. This left the throne to the Nicholass brother who did not want the throne, thus ending three hundred years of unconditional rule. With no one in power of the country a democratic provisional government was formed. For a duration the governing power was divided up by the provisional government with the Petrograd Soviet, but before long the Bolsheviks, although very unorganized demanded that all ability be granted to the soviets.At the preface time Lenin was still in Switzerland and was pondering a way to restoration to Russia. The German government was willing to allow Lenin passage through Germany, by way of rail. The only thing the German government was, however, worried about during Lenins trek was of him agitating the German workers. Because of this the German government had Lenin ride in a single sealed train car that was deemed, for the duration of his trip, Russian territory.On the sixteenth day of April nin eteen seventeen Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov returned to Russia landing in Petrograd and receiving a welcome fit for a hero. After arriving in Petrograd Lenin abruptly took back control of the Bolsheviks and ordered the overthrow of the provisional government. Lenin was unable to take control of the provisional and upon the reorganization of it, Alexander Kernsky took control and decreed Lenins rub on the account that he was a German agent, and Lenin quickly fled to Finland. The rest of the Bolsheviks also quickly dispersed or were taken into custody.After live in Finland for about three months, during this time writing The State and Revolution, which was considered to be one of the most important of his labors in which he described how to come about power by way of revolution, Lenin returned to Russia, October 1917, as he felt it was necessary to bring about the revolution. Upon Lenins arrival in Petrograd he potently recommended to the Bolshevik profound Committee to take advantage of Kerenskys weak government. The Central Committee decided to take action while they had the chance.The Bolshevik death chair of the Petrograd Soviet, Leon Trotsky, managed to gain control of some government troops and some ocean crews who supported the uprising, and then with minute amount of brutality the Bolsheviks captured Petrograd on October twenty dollar bill fifth, nineteen seventeen. The Bolsheviks now only had one more thing to do before they were to hold all power of the government, capture Moscow. The capturing of Moscow turn out to be more difficult and rougher, but at any rate Moscow was seized and the Bolsheviks had taken power.November 8, 1917 was the day that the Second All-Russian Congress opened with representatives from all across the country in attendance. At the meeting of the congress, which was controlled by the Bolsheviks, Lenin was name chairman of The Council of Peoples Commissars, and therefore he became head of the new Russian State. When Lenin ade his first appearance before the congress he take internationaled to be allowed to ask Germany for a three month truce, and for the eradication of private land ownership, some(prenominal) of these requests were authorized.Soon after Lenin took control he found himself in a battle to stay in control, as the Red Army had low-toned apart, German forces were advancing deeper and deeper into Russia, and also other opposing forces were gathering large groups in move of Russia. Lenin believed that if the Bolsheviks were to stay in power then the war with Germany would have to come to an end soon and at any cost. It was the thirdly day of March 1918 when the battles between Russia and Germany ended with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.This accord made it obligatory for Russia to give up a lot of land, which in effect hurt her, until the end of World War I when Germany missed and the treaty became void. In order to put his government further away from German power, in the territory that Russia gave up, Lenin moved the countrys capital to Moscow from Petrograd. In December of 1917 Lenin brought into existence the Cheka, which was a political police force frame-up to se extreme force to control anyone with an opinion that differed from that of the Bolsheviks.Most of the people that the Cheka arrested were imprisoned, murdered, or sent to the Gulag, which was a system of prison labor camps where most died. In 1918 Lenin suggested to the Bolshevik Central Committee that they change the name of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party to the Russian Communist Party and this was done. In July 1918, for fear of the former Czar making an uprising, the Bolsheviks had the Czar and his entire family, including servants, slayed.About a month after the Czar was killed, Lenin as at a factory giving a speech to the employees and he was hit man twice by Dora Kaplan, who was a member of a Socialist rotatory Party. After quickly recovering from the bullets Lenin ha d Dora Kaplan executed and to set an example for others he had hundreds of others executed, claiming they were hostages. The revolution was like a speeding locomotive in the cites, but was slower to catch on in the more remote parts of the country and in these parts of the country resistance was becoming a major problem and civil war was breaking out.The two enemies in the war ere the Red Army, which Lenin had created in January 1918 and named after the color of the world Communist movement, and opposing them were the whites, who were for the most part democrats, Russian Nationalists and those who opposed change in any form. The Whites had a major problem though, this problem was that they lacked any organization. The Bolsheviks easily won this civil war by 1920, although not untouched. By the end of this war the Russian economy was in shambles and millions of Russians had left to go afar, or died. But yet still the Communist government survived.Although Lenin had successfully taken control of Russia he had not yet accomplished his unbent goal that he had set out to achieve many years before, which was the goal of a Communist world revolution. In 1921, in a radical attempt to regain control of his country, Lenin instituted a program called the natural Economic Policy. This policy replaced a lot of the measures that were put in place when the Bolsheviks took power, it allowed small businesses to continue to operate, peasants to sell food to private customers, free profession was decreestated, and foreign business was invited to invest in Russia.By this time Lenins wellness had also started to suffer from the stress, among various other things. Although foreign nations were invited to invest in Russia few did and by this time, also, no major country still held diplomatic relations with Russia. In the month of May in 1922 Lenins health took a turn for the worse and he endured a stroke. Lenin then, opposing his doctors advice, kept on working. It was the Dece mber of 1922 that Lenin suffered his second stroke and that same month the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established by the Bolshevik government.On March 9, 1923 Lenin suffered from a third stoke and his ability to speak clearly was impaired. Less than a year later, on January 21, 1924, Lenin died of a brain hemorrhage, thus ending his rein of power. Lenin used the strength of the peasantry in revolution by appeasing some of their demands, such as implementing the New Economic Policy. The masses supported Lenins beliefs and showed their excitement in ways such as striking. Lenin also utilized his cuss politicians in his bid to accomplish the first part of his goal, to bring fabianism to Russia, y finessing them into his turn of mind via his personal fervor and his writings.Lenins vision of socialism included bringing theories into practice. He also brought widely varied classes of people to his conclusions. Thus by using any and every means possible, Lenin brought socia lism to Russia, although it took far longer that he expected and he died before compass his ultimate goal of World Communism. Whether or not communism is or was beneficial to a society, Lenin was a great leader in as much as he reshaped an entire country and its ideals.

Efficiency Ratios

Efficiency Ratios The efficiency ratio is an indicator of how well Johnson and Johnson (J& ampJ) is run on an organizational wide basis. Efficiency ratios are similarly defined as asset turnover ratios (Finkler, Kovner & Jones, 2007). The asset turnover ratio measures how productive J&J is in managing altogether of its assets to generate Sales. This efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing sales by total assets by total tax revenue. For year 2010, J&J had an asset turnover of 0. 6.Comparing J&Js asset ratio to the industry, it is the same (Key Financial Ratios Financial Results Johnson & Johnson,2011). gum olibanum J&J is as efficient in the office of its assets as its healthcare competitors in the industry. Revenue to assets = Total revenueTotal assets Total revenue $61,587. 0= 0. 598 or 0. 6 Asset turnover Total assets $102,908. 0 The eld receivables ratio is calculated by dividing the accounts receivable by the revenue per day.The days receivables entr ust indicate how long, on fair, it takes for J&J to collect on its sales to customers on credit. This ratio is also known as the average collection period (ACP). The little(a)er the collection period, the sooner the organization can have bills or invest to earn interest (Finkler, Kovner & Jones, 2007). A short ACP is more efficient for the organization. J&J had an ACP of 58 days in 2010. This is a slight increase from previous years ACP of 57 days.Revenue per day = Total revenue 365$61,857. 0 = $168. 731 365 days Days receivable = Accounts receivable Revenue per day AR $9774. 0 = 57. 92 days DR $168. 731/day Reference Key financial ratios financial results johnson & johnson . (2011). Retrieved from http//moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/compare. asp? Page=ManagementEfficiency&symbol=JNJ

Seven Layer Denisty

The 7 Layer Density Column By Nicia Buttner Grade 8 plug-in of Contents Statement of purpose. 2 Hypothesis.. 3 enquiry.. 4 Materials. 5 Procedure 6 Observation and results. 7 finale.. 8 Bibliography 9 Acknowledgements 10 varlet 2 The purpose of this essay is to compargon the polar densities of diverse liquids. Density is a comparison between an objects mass and good deal. Density = Mass divided by Volume.If the heaviness (or mass) of something increases b atomic number 18ly the volume stays the equivalent, the density has to go up. If the mass decreases but the volume stays the said(prenominal), the density has to go down. This look into will show how the weight of certain liquids react to each other. Page 3 The seven liquids I seduce chosen for the experiment have different weights and textures. My hypothesis is that the liquids that have more density, even though I am using the same add up of liquid, will be on the rear end of the column. The liquids that atomic nu mber 18 slight dense will then layer on drop dead of the more dense liquid.They will create a layer of seven different liquids one on top of the other. Page 4 Most of the look I did for this experiment was online. I found a lot of different information ab emerge the densities of different liquids. One web site that was almost helpful was stevespanglerscience. com. I learned how different liquids have different densities. The same essence of oil has a different density than the same amount of water, for example. I also watched a video on youtube. com showing how the experiment works. Some liquids that have different densities are baby oil, veget adequate oil, water, milk, sunup dish grievous bodily harm and maple syrup.Each one can be mea incontestabled out in the same amount, but will have different densities. Page 5 The materials I used for the project are simple usual products you use around the house. The container I used was bought at Walmart and is used for keeping spag hetti. The other materials I used are Light Karo syrup piss Vegetable oil Dawn dish soap (blue) Rubbing intoxicant Lamp oil Honey Food annotateing or True Color Coloring Tablets Food baster 9 oz portion cups Page 6 1. Measure 8 snow leopards of each type of liquid into the 9 ounce portion cups. You may want to color each of the liquids to make a more dramatic effect in your column.Light Karo syrup is easier to color than glowering syrup. The only liquids that you may not be able to color are the vegetable oil and the honey. 2. Start your column by moveing the honey into the cylinder. Now, you will pour each liquid SLOWLY into the container, one at a time. It is very important to pour the liquids slowly and into the center of the cylinder. brighten sure that the liquids do not touch the sides of the cylinder while you are pouring. Its okay if the liquids mix a little as you are pouring. The layers will always even themselves out because of the varying densities. Make sure you pour the liquids in the following order HoneyKaro syrup Dish soap Water Vegetable oil Rubbing alcohol Lamp oil 3. As you pour, the liquids will layer on top of one another. After you pour in the liquids you will have a seven-layer science experiment. Page 7 What I observed was that the different liquids were able to float on top of one another. The most dense liquid stayed at the bottom kickoff with the honey. The least dense liquid was at the top and that was the lamp oil. Page 8 All these different liquids have different densities. The honey stayed at the bottom because it had the highest density of all the liquids. Each liquid sed after the honey had a little bit less density and thats why they were able to layer on top of one another. Because the lamp oil had the least amount of density it was on the very top of all the other liquids. This experiment showed how liquids can have equal measurement, but different densities. Page 9 Resources I used for this experiment are Stevespa nglerscience. com Chemistry. about. com Google. com Youtube. com (video) Page 10 Acknowledgments I want to thank my mom and dad for their help with my project and research. I also want to thank Mr. Rothering for his help and encouragement.

Investment Behaviour of Women Essay

AbstractThrough an epitome of juvenile domesticizes in iii hearstitution res publicas in Chilepensions, child bank line concern service, and maternity/ agnatic chokethe typography seeks to explore how equity-oriented reforms deal with the threefold legacy of pregnancy, male-breadwinner bias, and food business deal reform. Recent studies of new fond policies in Latin America bemuse underlined the persistent strength of maternalist assumptions. womens liberationist research on new silver transfer programs, in commenceicular, has tended to see to a greater extent persistence than change in the sexed underpinnings of kindly insurance policy. This paper suggests that once we broaden our eld of vision to admit archeozoic(a) hearty programs and reforms, the ship canal in which coeval neighborly policy (re)denes womens productive and reproductive occasions, hearty rights, and obligations ar more heterogeneous and contradictory. Indeed, while any(prenominal) policies take un stipendiary cargon by women for tending(p), another(prenominal)s brain to an increasing aw arness of in extend toities  Staab that shape womens and mens derivative instrument access to market income and human beings genial benets.Over the last decade, thither has been a veritable explosion of scholarship on Latin American accessible policy. In part this reects the fact thatafter decades of look crosswiseLatin American secerns amaze rediscovered affable policy and scaled up their efforts to address the kind fallout of liberalization. Indeed, while Washington Consensus reforms were of importly compulsive by the desire to cut costs and reduce the scope of the state, the posthumous 1990s and 2000s pose seen more coordinated state interventions to reduce poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. time not giveing to post-war social safeguard schemes, countries in the grapheme are experimenting with policies that break with the liberal notion o f minimal safety nets (Barrientos et al. 2008 Molyneux 2008 Cortes 2009). What does this harvest-tide of the state mean for womens social rights and eudaemonia? It has been argued that in tune to the sexual urge blindness of neoliberal reforms, new social policies be in possession of been gender conscious (Bedford 2007). However, relatively teentsy brassatic research has been carried out on the gender dynamics of this new social agenda (Macdonald and Ruckert 2009).The existing writings seems to suggest that there is far more perseverance than change in the gendered underpinnings of new social safeguard programs. Feminist research on conditional cash transfers (CCTs)a distinguish innovation associated with Post-Washington Consensus social policy in the portionhas tended to stress the persistence of maternalism (e.g., Molyneux 2007 Bradshaw 2008 Tabbush 2009), a set of ideas and practices with a long and ambiguous history in the region. Yet there is more to Post-Washington Consensus social policy than CCTs. Several Latin American countries are experimenting with other care-related policies alongside cash transfer schemes including the introduction of full-day schooling, the expansion of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services, maternity/ maternal(p) leave reforms, and in recent pension reforms, the introduction of child-rearing credits. While some of these programs take the unsalaried care by women for granted, others point to an increasing awareness of gender inequalities that shape womens and mens differential access to labor market income and public social benets.That these initiatives incur received little scholarly attention leaves the economic crisis that Latin American social policy is stuck on a maternalist track, when content and regional cuts are likely to be more varied and multiplex. Against this broader backdrop, the main aim of the paper is to provide a better understanding of the complex and contradictory  ways in which womens productive and reproductive roles, social rights, and obligations are constructed and (re)dened in the context of recent equity-oriented reforms. I argue for a two-tiered approach. First, I propose to bunk beyond integrity policy analysis towards a more systemic view that takes into account and compares studys across sectors. Second, I aim to assess these reforms according to the ways in which they feature dealt with three secern legacies marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias. I apply this approach to the recent reforms in Chilean social policy, a pointly intriguing case.First, Chile is often cited as the Latin American coarse where neoliberal principles have been most comprehensively applied. Its 1980s social sector reforms peculiarly in pensions and healthhave long been promoted by international nancial institutions as a model for other countries to emulate (Taylor 2003 Orenstein 2005). Recent innovations in Chiles social policy regime t hus merit close attention. Second, Chile combines market liberalism with fast social conservatism, particularly with regards to gender roles.We would expect these two legacies to create raise tensions and contradictions for example over whether mothers should be at home (maternalism) or in the market (liberalism)that social and employment policies have to navigate. I have chosen to focus on the recent reforms in pension, ECEC, and parental leave policies, issues which have been high up the public agenda in Chile and elsewhere. This is reective of both broader global discourses spearheaded by international organizations such as the homo Bank and the OECD, as well as a regional trend to revising social protection frameworks with anemphasis on increasing the coverage of hitherto excluded groups.1 The selection thus consciously combines two more tralatitious policy areas associated with social protection/consumption (pensions and maternity leave), with an emerging area geared towa rds social investment (ECEC). While the former were directly undermined by structural adjustment and deliberately restructured interest the advice of international nancial institutions (Orenstein 2005 Brooks 2009), the last mentioned have acquired prominence over the past decades as a doer of reducing poverty by facilitating womens labor force elaborateness and as a cost-efcient tool to promote human capital development by investing in early childhood development. These ideas form part of an emerging global paradigm (Jenson and Saint-Martin 2003 Jenson 2010 Mahon 2010) and seem to have ltered down to the national level with several Latin American countries experimenting with childcare-related reforms.2 The combination of protection and advance implicit in this selection is also highly relevant from a gender perspective.While childcare services and parental leaves can ease womens engagement in paid employment, pension systems can be designed in ways that translate labor market inequalities into unequalised entitlements in old age. They thus represent two sides of the same problem, that is to say the extent to which the gender division of labor affects womens and mens differential access to income and social security. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows.The next section briey illustrates the rationale for choosing marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias as key dimensions for assessing continuity and change. It takes a historical and regional perspective to show how they became embed in Latin American systems of social provision. The second half of the paper then provides a detailed analysis of recent reforms in Chilean pension, childcare, and maternity leave policies. The nal section draws out some comparative conclusions active the extent to which the recent reforms have dealt with the key legacies of marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias.Maternalism, Male-Breadwinner Bias, and Market Reform Trajec tories of welfare state formation and change in Latin America are in umpteen ways different from those of advanced economies in atomic number 63 or North America that have formed the basis for possibility building. The most important difference is probably the dynamism and radicalism with which development strategies have been recast over the last century (Sheahan 2002, 4). Thus, many countries moved from state-led import-substituting industrialisation (ISI) in the post-war period to the rather radical application of neoliberal prescriptions following the recessions and debt crises of the late 1970s and early 1980s. These transitions left distinct legacies in systems of social provision.From the often incomplete formation of welfare institutions in the post-war era, governments in the region turned to retrenchment, de commandment, and privatization. Redistributive and universalist aspirationshowever exclusionary or stratifying these had been in practice (Filgueira and Filgueira 200 2)were buried with the shift to market-led development and the region moved closer towards liberal-informal welfare regimes (Barrientos 2004). As the state was scaled back, reforms empowered business interests which became directly involved in education, health, and pension systems.3 Gender roles and norms as well as pervasive gender inequalities across states, markets, and households mediate womens and mens exposure to social risks as well as their specic need for social protection and services. Women face particular challenges due to motherhood and other caring responsibilities that societies largely assign to them (Lewis 1992 OConnor 1993 Orloff 1993). Yet, these risks and responsibilities have rarely been taken into account in the design of social policies.Thus, Bismarck-style social insurance systems, such as those founded across Latin American countries in the post-war period, had an inherent male-breadwinner bias.4 Women, in turn, tended to access social benets as wives of a male breadwinner or as mothers whose maternal functions had to be safeguarded and protected (Gimenez 2005). Motherhood became the very basis on which women staked their claims to citizenship rights and states deployed their efforts to mobilize young-bearing(prenominal) constituencies. At the heart of this civic maternalism was the belief that women and in particular their biological and social function as mothers had to be recognized, valued, and protected (Molyneux 2000).5 This was, in Nancy Folbres words, the patriarchal trunk onto which market reform was grafted, but which continues to inuence the shape of the tree (Interviewed by Razavi 2011). A large body of publications has documented how structural adjustment adjoind the overall burden on women.Thus, where privatization and trade liberalization triggered a rise in male unemployment, women were pu mould into (largely informal) paid employment to make up for lost wages. Meanwhile, retrenchment and commercialization of social services shifted more responsibilities for social provision to the domestic sphere, where the prevailing gender division of labor meant that women spent more time on unpaid reproductive work (Benera and Feldman 1992 Sparr 1994 and Elson 1995). In social protection systems, the move from risk sharing to individualization exacerbated already existing gender inequalities. By tightening the relationship between contributory patterns and pension benets, market reforms efficaciously deepened male-breadwinner bias (Dion 2008). In health, private insurance companies were given plenty of roundabout for dening premiums based on gender-specic risks, such as pregnancy (Gideon 2006). As a result, the costs of biological and social reproduction were further individualized and passed on to women.Paradoxically, maternalism remained a strong theme in the neoliberal era, at least at the level of public discourse (Molyneux 2000). In short, market reforms layered new gender inequalities onto the already existing legacies of maternalism and male-breadwinner bias. As a result, traditionalist elements exist alongside (neo)liberal elements in the contemporary welfare architecture of many Latin American countries. How are these legacies challenged or compounded by the current wave of policy innovations and reform? If the state is indeed assuming greater responsibility for social provision, does this trend provide a more favorable context for redressing gender inequalities? More particularly, does it reect a greater recognition and redistribution of the responsibilities for and costs of care and social reproduction?The existing literature suggests that there is far more continuity than change in gendered assumptions even as new social programs are being rolled out Recent studies have argued, for example, that new social programs have paid scant, if any, attention to the underlying structures of gender inequality in labor markets and households (Razavi 2007) that economi c and social policies continue to place the burden of social reproduction on families (read women) that the particular design of social programs tends to reinforce handed-down gender roles without providing long-term strategies for womens economic security through and through meditate training or childcare provision (Molyneux 2007 Tabbush 2009) and that new social policies increase social control and surveillance of mothers child-rearing behavior and performance (Luccisano and Wall 2009). Feminist research on CCTs, in particular, has tended to stress the persistence of maternalist orientations (e.g., Molyneux 2007 Bradshaw 2008 Tabbush 2009).This literature has been important for understanding the gendered nature of new social policies in the region and overmuch remains to be learned about the actual diversity of these programs (Martnez Franzoni and Voorend 2009) and their furbish up on women from different ethnic groups (Hernandez 2011 Rivera 2011). Analytically, however, th e focus on a single scheme is insufcient to assess the processes through which womens productive and reproductive roles, social rights, and obligations are currently being (re)dened. Several Latin American countries are experimenting with other social policies alongside the much-cited CCTs, including the introduction of full-day schooling, the expansion of ECEC services, maternity/parental leave reforms, and the introduction of child-rearing credits in recent pension reforms.In each of these areas, equity-oriented reformers struggle with the legacies of maternalism and male-breadwinner bias, on the one hand, and the (ideological and de-facto) importance of markets, on the other hand. I argue that these struggles shape reform processes and outcomes in ways that are more complex and contradictory than the existing literature on CCTs suggests. The following analysis of Chilean social policy sets out to break away some of these complexities by looking at the recent reforms in pensions, childcare, and leave regulations. Implicit in this approach is an understanding of the state as a concept that helps to contextualize present governmental conicts and policy processes (Hay and Lister 2006). In other words, previously enacted policies, institutional choices, and strategic interactions constitute a strategically selective terrain (Jessop 1990, 203) that structures present political conict, rendering it more tributary to some demands than others.While not determining their behavior, the ensemble of institutions and policy frameworks that constitute the state offer opportunities to and impose constraints on, the political agency of those wishing to resultant policy change. The three legacies outlined above form part of the institutional landscape of the state. As such, they are shown to play a signicant role in current attempts of reform and policy innovation. While these legacies constitute the main focus of this paper, they are by no means the only performer that shape change and continuity in Chilean social policy. In fact, sector-specic actors, partisan politics, and particular political contingencies come into play to differing degrees.Furthermore, the continuity and deepening of an economic model based on trade openness, macroeconomic stability, monetary, and scal classify and exible employment, forms the backdrop against which more expansive social policies have emerged as a response to persistent inequality. However, the full meaning of recent reforms cannot be understood without taking into account the gender-specic legacies in each sector. (En)gendering modification and Continuity Recent reforms in Chile Chile is a particularly intriguing case for analyzing continuity and change in social policy. On the one hand, it is often portrayed as the plain where neoliberal principles have most profoundly transformed economic, social, and political institutions (Kurtz 1999 Filgueira and Filgueira 2002).While radical market reforms were carried out under the aegis of a armed forces dictatorship (19731989), many of the models features were maintained with the return to res publica. Consequently, the countrys policy framework is often represented as particularly resistant to equity-oriented change. On the other hand, Chile combines market liberalism with social conservatismtwo features that stodgy welfare regime analysis tends to locate in different clusters (the conservative and the liberal variant, respectively). Female labor force participation is among the lowest in the region (ECLAC 2008), the countrys welfare regime has been described as inherently gender biased (Pribble 2006, 86), and conservative social norms regarding womens role in the family loom large (Contreras and Plaza 2010).6 Despite this rather reproving context, recent reforms suggest that these frameworks are not carved in stone. Since the early 2000s efforts to expand social protection, to improve access to and quality of social services and to strengthen social rights have featured prominently on the countrys social agenda, leading some to argue that Chile whitethorn be approaching a point of inection (Illanes and Riesco 2007, 406).The following sections shed light on the complex and contradictory ways in which the triple legacy of maternalism, male-breadwinner bias, and market reform is addressed by recent reforms in pensions (adopted in 2008), childcare services (signicantly expanded since 2006), and maternity leave (reformed in 2011). Before delving more deeply into the developments in each sector, it is necessary to briey describe the broader economic and political context since the countrys return to democracy in 1990. Context of Recent Reforms and Policy Innovations The return to democracy did not entail a drastic transformation of the institutional foundations of economic and social policy inherited from the military regime (Moulian 2002 Taylor 2003 Borzutzky 2010).In fact, in macroeconomic terms th e center-left party compaction Concertacion that governed the country from 1990 to 2010 validated and deepened the neoliberal model based on trade openness, macroeconomic stability, monetary and scal discipline and exible employment. To offset some of its worst effects, social spending increased steadily which, together with economic growth and employment creation, dramatically reduced supreme poverty from 38.6 percent in 1990 to 13.7 percent in 2006 (ECLAC 2008), although it did relatively little to improve income distribution or lessen social inequalities and fragmentation in education, health, and social protection (Solimano 2009).Explanations for this continuity are manifold, including the formidable constraints placed on the autonomy of the rst Concertacion governments by authoritarian enclaves in the political system that granted right-wing political opposition important veto powers the resistance of business interests whose power increased as a result of market refor ms the helplessness of other civil fraternity actors, particularly labor a political culture eager to avoid the kind of political confrontation that preceded the military coup and the adoption of market-oriented ideas by key decision makers within the centerleft coalition itself (e.g. Kurtz 2003 Castiglioni 2005 Borzutzky and Weeks 2010 Ewig and Kay 2011). The result of this complex and contradictory process has been described as a Chilean Third Way characterized by an unwavering commitment to trade liberalization and privatization despite considerable public opposition and a sensitivity to a policy process that discourages participation by civil society and rank-and-le party members, while affording business access to the highest reaches of government (Sandbrook et al. 2007, 16465).This set-up makes some policy areas more amenable to equity-enhancing reforms and innovations than others. As the economic model rests upon a exible and restrictive labor regime (Frank 2004), socia l policy is largely conned to enhancing workers ability to compete on the market and to mitigating some of the worst risks that unregulated and precarious employment entails. This goes a long way to explain why the two socialist-led governments of Ricardo Lagos (20002006) and Michelle Bachelet (20062010) spearheaded health reform, pension reform and childcare service expansion in order to enhance equity, while shying away from reforms related to the countrys labor market where many of the fundamental social inequalities originate. While the Bachelet administrations employment policy and labor relations have been described as disappointing, (Lopez 2009 Sehnbruch 2009), it did turn social protection into a key priority. The conceptual pillars of her strategy include a life-course approach to social protection and the attempt to introduce a rights-based perspective (Hardy 2011).The latter materialized in a gradual lifting of budgetary restrictions on social assistance7 and the pro gressive relaxation of eligibility requirements for accessing a range of benets. The life-course approach, in turn, is captured in repeatedly stated commitments to create equal opportunities and protect citizens from the cradle to old age. Tellingly, its translation into policy cerebrate on the two extremes of the life course, namely the reform of the pension system and Chile Crece Contigo, an integrated early childhood protection system that included the massive expansion of childcare services. The working-age population remained caught in the middle with persistently low employment quality, including a high level of job unbalance and the limited reach of employment-based rights and benets, a scenario that disproportionately affects women workers (Sehnbruch 2009).8 Thus, the attempt to self-coloured greater equity and social inclusion with an open economy inuenced the scope and locus of policy change during the Bachelet administration. While acquiring greater visibility, social p rotection remained subordinate to macroeconomic goals, including those related to employment, understood as not interfering with job creation through greater regulation and rights for workers. In this context, it is particularly surprising that a highly controversial employment-related reform was introduced under the new right-wing government of Sebastian Pinera (2010) which, in 2011, expanded (women) workers rights through a reform of maternity leave regulations.